Lithium is completely absorbed within 6–8 hours of ingestion. With excessive levels, it depresses neural excitation and synaptic transmission. Lithium is also thought to stabilize cell membranes. Newer research suggests that the serotonergic system is strongly involved and the dopaminergic system may be as well. Specific enzymes involved in intracellular signaling pathways are inhibited. Lithium has a similar size to magnesium and competes with magnesium as a cofactor for several key enzymes. The mechanisms by which lithium produces its therapeutic and toxic effects are not completely understood. Lithium is a naturally occurring alkali metal and a monovalent cation that enters cells and substitutes for sodium or potassium.
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